Interview of a Child in Chambers by a Texas Court Divorces can be messy; even more so when children are involved. One pivotal question that is often asked is who will receive primary custody. The prospect of children speaking to a judge during a divorce case to help determine custody can be a controversial topic. On one hand, it aims to understand and prioritize the child's preferences and best interests. On the other hand, exposing children to legal proceedings can be emotionally taxing and stressful . When Can the Judge Talk to Children? During a nonjury trial or hearing, the court is required to privately interview any child 12 years or older, while interviewing a child under 12 is at the judge's discretion. This private interview helps convey the child's wishes regarding who should have primary custody. The judge can also conduct the interview independently or on the request of a party, amicus attorney, or attorney ad litem. While speaking to the child can help determine issues of possession, access, and parent-child relationships, it does not restrict the court’s authority to decide what’s best for them. However, in cases where a jury trial is underway, the judge is prohibited from privately interviewing the child on matters subject to a jury verdict such as which parent is granted conservatorship/primary custody. During the conversations, attorneys representing the parents, the amicus attorney, the guardian ad litem, or the child's attorney ad litem may be present. For children aged 12 and older, the court is required to record these interviews to ensure a thorough and accurate record is available as part of the overall case documentation. Inside the Judge's Playbook: What Gets Asked? The judge may ask open-ended questions about living arrangements, the child's relationship with each parent, and other aspects relevant to their well-being. Additionally, an interviewer’s nonverbal communication may not contribute to the making of a particular statement. James v. Texas DHS, 836 S.W.2d 236, 239-241, (Tex.App.—Texarkana 1992, no writ.). However, the child's testimony is just one piece of the puzzle, weighed alongside other factors such as parental behavior, home stability, and each parent's willingness to cultivate the child's relationship with the other parent. Importantly, if the judge during the interview has reasonable cause to believe that a child’s physical or mental health or welfare has been adversely affected by abuse or neglect by any person , the the judge is obligated to shall immediately make a report. Tex. Fam. Code §261.101(a).

What is a Franchise Agreement? Businesses form franchise agreements when they want to share their business ideas and ventures with other entrepreneurs looking to be independent business operators themselves. The franchise agreement is a legal contract that establishes a franchisor-franchisee relationship to expand the franchisor's entrepreneurial ideas and values. The franchisor grants the franchisee the legal right to set up and operate a franchised business consistent with the terms of the franchise agreement. Under this agreement, the franchisee gains the license to use the franchisor’s trademarks, trade dress, business systems, operational manuals, and supply sources for offering and selling the franchisor's specified products and/or services. The franchise agreement is required to be legally included as an exhibit in the franchisor’s Franchise Disclosure Document, which must be presented to potential franchisees before any franchise offerings or sales are made. The federal trade commission publishes A Consumer's Guide to Buying a Franchise which is helpful for perspective purchasers' of franchises.